Elsewhere T rails were replaced by bull head rails of a rounded 'I' or 'figure-8' appearance which still required a supporting chair.
In North American practice the flanged T rail became the standard, later being used with tie-plates. Stevens invented the flanged 'tee' rail (actually a distorted I beam), which had a flat bottom and required no chair a similar design was the contemporary bridge rail (of inverted U section with a bottom flange and laid on longitudinal sleepers) these rails were initially nailed directly to the sleeper. Assembled exampleīy the 1820s the first shaped rolled rails had begun to be produced initially of a T shape which required a chair to hold them the rails were held in position by iron wedges (which sometimes caused the rail to break when forced in) and later by wooden wedges, which became the standard. The first chair for a rail is thought to have been introduced in 1797 which attached to the rail on the vertical web via bolts. 18th century developments such as the flanged rail and fish bellied rail also had holes in the rail itself when stone block sleepers were used the nails were driven into a wooden block which had been inserted into a recess in the block. By the 18th century, cast iron rails had come into use, and also had holes in the rail itself to allow them to be fixed to a support. The earliest wooden rails were fixed to wooden sleepers by pegs through holes in the rail, or by nails. Various types of fastening have been used over the years.
The components of a rail fastening system may also be known collectively as other track material, or OTM for short. The terms rail anchors, tie plates, chairs and track fasteners are used to refer to parts or all of a rail fastening system. Unimog pushing a "Spindle Precision Wrenching Unit" used for automatic and synchronous tightening and loosening of rail fastenings Mabbett Railway Chair Manufacturing Company share certificate (1867)Ī rail fastening system is a means of fixing rails to railroad ties ( North America) or sleepers ( British Isles, Australasia, and Africa).
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